When examining the impact of technological advancements on the dynamics of great powers, scholars and policymakers often focus on the pivotal moment of innovation—the sudden breakthrough that leads to remarkable technological achievements. In his book, Jeffrey Ding shifts the perspective to explore a different angle regarding how these technological revolutions influence competition among powerful nations. Instead of emphasizing which country was the first to implement groundbreaking innovations, he delves into the reasons some countries excelled in adopting and scaling new technologies. By analyzing historical examples from past industrial revolutions and employing statistical methods, Ding formulates a theory that highlights the importance of institutional adaptations aimed at spreading technological advancements throughout the economy.